a division of the people

* * *

* * *

trĭbus, ūs (dat. and abl. plur.:

tribubus,

Cic. Rep. 2, 9, 16; Liv. 5, 18, 2; 23, 12, 16, etc.; but trebibos, Ephem. Epigr. 2, 208, n. 299; never tribibus; cf. Serv. ad Verg. G. 3, 376, and v., in gen., Neue, Formenl. 1, 361 sqq.), f. [tri-; root in tres (dat. tribus) and bhū; Gr. phu- in phulê; v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 163], orig. a third part of the Roman people; as their numbers increased it came to mean,

Lit., a division of the people, a tribe (the number of these tribes finally increased to thirty-five, of which thirty-one were rusticae tribus or country tribes, and four urbanae tribus or city tribes; the following are the names of the tribes, the city tribes being printed in Italics, viz.: Aemilia, Aniensis, Arniensis, Claudia, Collina, Cornelia, Crustumina, Esquilina, Fabia, Falerina, Galesia, Horatia, Lemonia, Maecia, Menenia, Oufentina, Palatina, Papiria, Pollia, Pomptina, Popilia, Pupinia, Quirina, Romilia, Sabatina, Scaptia, Sergia, Stellatina, Suburana, Terentina, Tromentina, Veientina, Velina, Veturia, Voltinia. Some of these names are the same as the names of Roman gentes, and others are derived from the names of places where these tribes at first resided), Varr. L. L. 4, 9, 17; Cic. Rep. 2, 8, 14; Liv. 1, 36, 7; 8, 37, 12; 9, 46, 2 Weissenb. ad loc.; id. Epit. 19; Col. 5, 1, 7; Val. Max. 7, 1, 2; 9, 10, 1; cf. Niebuhr, Röm. Gesch. 1, p. 426 sq.;

and see the names of these tribes in Inscr. Orell. II. pp. 11-28 and 147: inventum tamen esse fortem amicum ex eādem familia Q. Verrem Romilia,

of the Romilian tribe, Cic. Verr. 1, 8, 23; cf.

Ser. Sulpicius, Q. F. Lemonia, Rufus,

id. Phil. 9, 7, 15:

L. AVRELIVS L. FIL. CAMILIA FIRMVS, etc.,

Inscr. Orell. 3070:

Africanus censor tribu movebat eum centurionem, qui in Pauli pugna non affuerat,

removed, expelled from the tribe, Cic. de Or. 2, 67, 272; so,

tribu movere aliquem,

id. Clu. 43, 122; Liv. 45, 15, 4; 4, 24, 7; 24, 18, 6; 45, 15, 4; Val. Max. 2, 4, 4:

urbanae (tribus) in quas transferri ignominia esset, desidiae probro,

Plin. 18, 3, 3, § 13:

populus in tribus convocatus,

Cic. Leg. 3, 19, 44:

ea multitudo tribus circuit, genibus se omnium advolvens,

Liv. 8, 37, 9.—

Trop., comicè:

grammaticas ambire tribus,

to canvass the Grammarian tribe, Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 40.—

Transf.

Of Macedonians:

satellites illi ex tribu suā legunt,

Just. 13, 3, 1 (al. turbā).—

In gen., the commonalty, the mass, mob, poor people, Mart. 8, 15, 4; Plin. 19, 4, 19, § 54:

equitem imitatae tribus,

Flor. 2, 6, 25. — Prov.: sine tribu, without rank or position:

homo sine tribu, sine nomine,

Flor. 3, 13, 1.

* * *

* * *

cūrĭālis, e, adj. [curia], of or pertaining to a curia, i. e.

Belonging to the same curia, district, or division of the people; subst.: cūrĭālis, is, m., a member of the same curia, = dêmotês:

neque quisquam curialium Venit,

Plaut. Aul. 2, 2, 2:

Cimonem etiam in suos curialis hospitalem fuisse,

Cic. Off. 2, 18, 64; cf. Paul. ex Fest. p. 49, 13 Müll.: curiales ejusdem curiae ut tribules et municipes.—

Pertaining to the religious services of the curiœ: curiales flamines curiarum sacerdotes, Paul. ex Fest. p. 64, 1 Müll.—

In late Lat., belonging to the imperial court, = aulicus, Amm. 21, 12, 20; 22, 9, 12; 27, 7, 7; Symm. Ep. 9, 10; 10, 41.

frātria, uxor fratris ( sister-inlaw), Paul. ex Fest. p. 90 Müll.; cf.:

fratriae appellantur fratrum inter se uxores,

Non. 557, 9; and: fratria, einatêr, Gloss. Philox; also called ‡ fratrissa, acc. to Isid. Orig. 9, 7, 17.

fratria est Graecum vocabulum partis hominum, ut Neapoli etiam nunc, Varr. L. L. 5, § 85 Müll. (= phratria, a division of the people, answering to the Lat. curia, the third part of a phulê).

prōlētārĭus, ĭi, m. [proles].

According to a division of the people by Servius Tullius, a citizen of the lowest class, who served the State not with his property, but only with his children (proles), a proletary:

qui aut non plus mille quingentum aeris aut omnino nihil in suum censum praeter caput attulissent, proletarios nominavit, ut ex iis quasi proles [id est quasi progenies] civitatis exspectari videretur,

Cic. Rep. 2, 22, 40; cf Liv. 1, 43; Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 16, 10, 1;

Enn. ib. (Ann. v. 189 Vahl.): proletarios lucrari plures,

Amm. 19, 11, 7:

proletarium capite censum, dictum quod ex his civitas constet, quasi proles progenie: iidem et proletanei,

Fest. p. 228 Müll.—

Transf., adj., low, common:

sermo,

Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 157.

centŭrĭālis, e, adj. [centuria], pertaining to a century.

In agriculture: lapides, boundary stones for single centuries, Auct. Lim. p. 298 Goes.—

In the division of the people: civis, appointed to or placed in any century, Fest. s. v. ni quis scivit, p. 177 Müll.—

In milit. lang.:

vitis,

Macr. S. 1, 23, 16.

classis (old orthog. CLASIS, Column. Rostr.; v. under I. B. 2.), is ( acc. sing. usu. classem; classim, Auct. B. Afr. 9, 2; abl. usu. classe;

classi,

Verg. A. 8, 11; Liv. 23, 41, 8; Vell. 2, 79), f. [root cal-, cla-, of clamo, kaleô; prop. the people as assembled or called together], hence,

After the division of the Roman people by Servius Tullius into six (or, the citizens who paid tribute alone being reckoned, into five) classes,

A class, Liv. 1, 42, 5; 1, 43, 2 sq.; Cic. Rep. 2, 22, 39 sq.; Gell. 6 (7), 13, 1 sq.; Cic. Fl. 7, 15; Liv. 1, 42, 5; 1, 43, 1 sqq.; Plin. 33, 3, 13, § 43; cf. Dion. Halic. 4, 16 sq.; 7, 59:

prima classis vocatur... tum secunda classis, etc.,

Cic. Phil. 2, 33, 82: infra classem; v. classicus, I.—

Trop.:

qui (philosophi) mihi cum illo collati, quintae classis videntur,

i.e. of the lowest rank, Cic. Ac. 2, 23, 73; cf. classicus, I. B.—Hence,

In milit. lang., the whole body of the citizens called to arms, an army.

Of the land army (mostly very ancient): procincta, Lex Numae in Fest. s. v. opima, p. 189, 13 Müll.: classis procincta [id est exercitus armatus, Gloss.], Fab. Pictor. ap. Gell. 10, 15, 4; cf. Gell. 1, 11, 3; Paul. ex Fest. p. 56, 3:

classi quoque ad Fidenas pugnatum cum Vejentibus quidam in annales rettulere,

Liv. 4, 34, 6 Weissenb. ad loc.:

Hortinae classes populique Latini,

Verg. A. 7, 716 Serv.—

Of men at sea, the fleet, including the troops in it (the usu. signif. in prose and poetry):

CLASESQVE. NAVALES. PRIMOS. ORNAVET.... CLASEIS. POENICAS...., Column. Rostr., v. 7 sq.: nomina in classem dare,

Liv. 28, 45, 19:

cetera classis... fugerunt,

id. 35, 26, 9:

ut classem duceret in Ligurum oram,

id. 40, 26, 8; 41, 24, 13; cf. id. 42, 48, 10:

navium classis,

id. 22, 37, 13:

posteaquam maximas aedificasset ornassetque classes,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 4, 9:

classem instruere atque ornare,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 51, § 135:

classis ornandae reficiendaeque causā, Liv 9, 30, 4: comparare,

Cic. Fl. 14, 33:

facere,

Caes. B. C. 3, 42 al.:

classe navigare,

by ship, Cic. Fl. 14, 32; cf. Verg. A. 1, 379; 8, 11;

Hor.C. 3, 11, 48: classes = naves,

Verg. A. 2, 30:

geminasque legit de classe biremis,

id. ib. 8, 79:

omittere,

id. ib. 5, 794:

armare,

id. ib. 4, 299:

deducere,

id. G. 1, 255:

efficere,

Nep. Them. 2, 3:

(Suiones) praeter viros armaque classibus valent,

Tac. G. 44. —

In the post-Aug. per., sometimes, a class, division, in gen.:

pueros in classes distribuerant,

Quint. 1, 2, 23; so id. 1, 2, 24; 10, 5, 21; Suet. Tib. 46:

operarum,

Col. 1, 9, 7:

servorum,

Petr. 74, 7.

rĕgĭo, ōnis, f. [rego], a direction, line (rare but class.).

Lit.:

nullā regione viaï Declinare,

Lucr. 2, 249; cf.:

notā excedo regione viarum,

Verg. A. 2, 737:

de rectā regione deflecto,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 68, § 176:

haec eadem est nostrae rationis regio et via,

id. ib. 2, 5, 70, § 181; cf.:

oppidi murus ab planitie rectā regione, si nullus anfractus intercederet, MCC. passus aberat,

Caes. B. G. 7, 46; and:

non rectā regione iter instituit, sed ad laevam flexit,

Liv. 21, 31:

declinamus item motus nec tempore certo, nec regione loci certā,

nor in a specified direction, Lucr. 2, 260; cf. id. 2, 293; Curt. 8, 9, 2:

(Hercynia silva) rectā fluminis Danubii regione pertinet,

Caes. B. G. 6, 25; 7, 46;

Curt 7, 7, 4: ubi primos superare regionem castrorum animum adverterunt,

the line, Caes. B. C. 1, 69:

eam esse naturam et religionem provinciae tuae, ut, etc.,

i. e. the situation, Cic. Fam. 1, 7, 6:

traicere amnem in regionem insulae,

Curt. 8, 13, 23.—

E regione, adverbially.

In a straight line, directly:

e regione moveri (opp. declinare),

Cic. Fat. 9, 18;

so of the rectilinear motion of atoms,

id. ib. 20, 46:

ferri, petere,

id. Fin. 1, 6, 19:

ut cadat e regione loci, quā dirigit aestus,

straight down, perpendicularly, Lucr. 6, 823; cf. id. 6, 833.—

In the opposite direction, over against, exactly opposite; constr. with gen., dat., or absol.

With gen.:

(luna) cum est e regione solis,

Cic. N. D. 2, 40, 103:

erat e regione oppidi collis,

Caes. B. G. 7, 36:

castris positis e regione unius eorum pontium, quos, etc.,

id. ib. 7, 35:

praesidio e regione castrorum relicto,

id. ib. 7, 61 fin.:

rates duplices e regione molis collocabat,

id. B. C. 1, 25:

e regione turris,

id. B. G. 7, 25.—

With dat.: dicitis, esse e regione nobis e contrariā parte terrae, qui adversis vestigiis stent contra nostra vestigia, quos antipodas vocatis, Cic. Ac. 2, 39, 123:

e regione castris castra ponere,

Caes. B. G. 7, 35.—

Absol.:

acie e regione instructā,

Nep. Milt. 5, 3.—

Trop., on the other hand, on the contrary (late Lat.;

syn.: e contra): Arabes camelorum lacte vivunt, e regione septentrionales, etc.,

Hier. adv. Jovin. 2, 7.—

Transf.

The line which bounds the sight, the visual line, boundary-line, boundary (cf: limes, finis).

Primarily in the lang. of augury:

intra eas regiones, quā oculi conspiciant,

Varr. L. L. 7, § 9 Müll.:

nempe eo (sc. lituo) Romulus regiones direxit tum, cum urbem condidit... ab Attio Navio per lituum regionum facta descriptio,

Cic. Div. 1, 17, 31:

lituus, quo regiones vincere terminavit,

id. N. D. 2, 3, 9:

regionibus ratis,

id. Leg. 2, 8, 21.—

In gen., a boundary-line, limit, boundary; usually in plur.

Lit.:

anteponatur omnibus Pompeius, cujus res gestae atque virtutes iisdem quibus solis cursus regionibus ac terminis continentur,

Cic. Cat. 4, 10, 21; cf.:

caeli regionibus terminare,

id. ib. 3, 11, 26:

orbis terrae regiones,

id. Arch. 10, 23. — Rare in sing.:

quae regione orbem terrarum definiunt,

Cic. Balb. 28, 64.—

Trop.:

ejus (argumenti) nunc regiones, limites, confinia Determinabo,

Plaut. Poen. prol. 45:

animus si, quibus regionibus vitae spatium circumscriptum est, eisdem omnes cogitationes terminaret suas,

Cic. Arch. 11, 29:

pars (quaestionum) circumscripta modicis regionibus,

id. de Or. 2, 16, 68:

vix facile sese regionibus officii continere,

id. Agr. 2, 35, 97. —

A quarter, region of the heavens or the earth (mostly poet.):

(Nilus) exoriens penitus mediā ab regione diei,

Lucr. 6, 723; so id. 6, 732:

etiam regio (lunae mutatur), quae tum est aquilonaris, tum australis,

Cic. N. D. 2, 19, 50:

deinde subter mediam regionem sol obtinet,

id. Rep. 6, 17, 17:

atque eadem regio Vesper et Ortus erunt,

Ov. Ib. 38; cf.

vespertina,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 30;

Vitr 4, 5, 1: caeli in regione serenā,

Verg. A. 8, 528: regione occidentis, Liv 33, 17; Just. 18, 3, 10.—

A portion (of the earth or heavens) of indefinite extent; a tract, territory, region (cf.: tractus, plaga).

Lit.

In gen.:

in hac regione,

Plaut. Cist. 4, 2, 42:

locum delegit in regione pestilenti salubrem,

Cic. Rep. 2, 6, 11:

agri fertilissima regio,

Caes. B. G. 7, 13 fin.:

quā te regione reliqui?

Verg. A. 9, 390:

regione portae Esquilinae,

in the region, neighborhood, Liv. 3, 66 fin. Drak.; 25, 25; 30; 33, 17; cf. Oud. de Auct. B. Alex. 30, 7;

for which: e regione castrorum,

in the vicinity of the camp, Liv. 10, 43 Drak.:

eā regione quā Sergius erat,

id. 5, 8:

tam vasta,

Just. 13, 7, 3:

acclivis,

Col. 3, 13, 8:

deserta siti regio,

Verg. A. 4, 42. — Plur.:

hi loci sunt atque hae regiones, quae mihi ab ero sunt demonstratae,

Plaut. Ps. 2, 2, 1:

cur in his ego te conspicor regionibus?

Ter. Eun. 5, 8, 32:

qui innumerabiles mundos infinitasque regiones mente peragravisset,

Cic. Fin. 2, 31, 102:

terrae maximae regiones inhabitabiles,

id. N. D. 1, 10, 24 et saep. —

In partic.

A portion of country of indefinite extent; a territory, province, district, region; esp. freq. in plur., lands, territories:

at regione locoque alio terrisque remotis,

Lucr. 2, 534:

Trebonium ad eam regionem, quae Aduaticis adjacet, depopulandam mittit,

Caes. B. G. 6, 33:

in ejusmodi regione atque provinciā, quae mari cincta esset,

Cic. Fl. 12, 27:

quae regio orave terrarum erat latior?

id. Sest. 30, 66:

regio Pedana,

Hor. Ep. 1, 4, 2:

quorum hominum regio,

id. ib. 1, 15, 2:

Sogdiana,

Curt. 7, 10, 1:

Cantium, quae regio est maritima omnis,

Caes. B. G. 5, 14:

quae regio totius Galliae media habetur,

id. ib. 6, 13: Sida, quae extrema regio est provinciae meae, Lentul. ap. Cic. Fam. 12, 15, 5:

ubi major atque illustrior incidit res, clamore per agros regionesque significant,

Caes. B. G. 7, 3:

principes regionum atque pagorum inter suos jus dicunt,

id. ib. 6, 23:

alias regiones partesque peteret,

id. ib. 6, 43 fin.; cf.

so with partes,

id. B. C. 1, 25:

deinde in quattuor regiones dividi Macedoniam. Unam fore et primam partem, quod, etc.... Secundam fore regionem, quam, etc.,

Liv. 45, 29:

quod erant propinquae regiones,

Caes. B. C. 3, 34:

ut quam latissimas regiones praesidiis teneret,

id. ib. 3, 44. — Sometimes a district with its people: tractus ille celeberrimus, tota denique nostra illa aspera et montuosa et felix et fautrix suorum regio, Cic. Planc. 9, 22.—

A principal division of the city of Rome, and of the territory around Rome, a quarter, ward, district, circle (of these, under Servius Tullius, there were in the city four, and in the Roman territory twenty-six; under Augustus, there were fourteen in the city), Laelius Felix ap. Gell. 15, 27, 4; Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 66; Varr. ap. Non. 43, 10; Suet. Aug. 30; Tac. A. 14, 12; 15, 40; Inscr. Orell. 4 sq. et saep.; cf.

Niebuhr, Gesch. 1, p. 458 sq.: regio quaedam urbis aeternae,

Amm. 22, 9, 3; 16, 10, 15.—

Of other cities,

Inscr. Orell. 6, 768.—Hence, A REGIONIBVS, a captain of a quarter, Inscr. Murat. 894, 8; 895, 4 and 5.—

Of the provinces into which Italy was divided by Augustus, a province, division:

descriptionem ab eo (Augusto) factum Italiae totius in regiones undecim,

Plin. 3, 5, 6, § 46; 3, 11, 16, § 99; 3, 12, 17, § 106 al.—

Trop., a province, department, sphere:

dum in regionem astutiarum mearum te induco, ut scias Juxta mecum mea consilia,

Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 78; 3, 3, 13:

idque (consilium) situm mediā regione in pectoris haeret,

Lucr. 3, 140: ceterae fere artes se ipsae per se tuentur singulae;

benedicere autem non habet definitam aliquam regionem, cujus terminis saepta teneatur,

has no determinate province, Cic. de Or. 2, 2, 5:

eadem est nostrae rationis regio et via,

compass and course, id. Verr. 2, 5, 70, § 181. —

The country, the field (late Lat.):

herba regionis,

Vulg. Gen. 2, 5:

ligna,

id. Ezech. 17, 24;

id. Joel, 1, 19: bestiae,

id. Ezech. 31, 13.

gens, gentis, f. [root GEN, gigno, that which belongs together by birth or descent], a race or clan, embracing several families united together by a common name and by certain religious rites; orig. only patrician, but, after the granting of the connubium between patricians and plebeians, also plebeian (syn.: familia, stirps, genus; natio, populus).

Lit.:

Sulla gentis patriciae (sc. Corneliae) nobilis fuit, familia prope jam exstincta majorum ignaviā,

Sall. J. 95, 3:

vera decora, non communiter modo Corneliae gentis, sed proprie familiae suae,

Liv. 38, 58, 3:

L. Tarquitius patriciae gentis,

id. 3, 27, 1:

apud P. Sestium patriciae gentis virum,

id. 3, 33, 9; 6, 11, 2:

cum Marcelli ab liberti filio stirpe, Claudii patricii ejusdem hominis hereditatem, gente ad se rediisse dicerent,

Cic. de Or. 1, 39, 176:

gens Tarquiniorum,

id. Rep. 2, 25 fin.:

Julia,

Liv. 1, 3, 2: L. Tarquinius duplicavit illum pristinum patrum numerum, et antiquos patres majorum gentium appellavit, quos priores sententiam rogabat;

a se ascitos minorum,

Cic. Rep. 2, 20 Mos.; cf. Liv. 1, 35, 6:

ex gente Domitia duae familiae claruerunt, Calvinorum et Aenobarborum,

Suet. Ner. 1; cf. Liv. 2, 29, 4:

patricii minorum gentium,

Cic. Fam. 9, 21, 2; Liv. 1, 47, 7; Capitol. ap. Gell. 10, 20, 5:

anni principio de connubio patrum et plebis C. Canuleius tribunus plebis rogationem promulgavit, qua contaminari sanguinem suum patres confundique jura gentium rebantur,

Liv. 4, 1, 1; cf. id. 4, 2, 5; 10, 8, 9: uti Feceniae Hispalae gentis enuptio, tutoris optio esset, etc., the right of marrying out of her gens, id. 39, 19, 5:

perjurus, sine gente,

i. e. of no family, of vulgar birth, Hor. S. 2, 5, 15; cf. respecting the Roman gens, Dict. of Antiq.

Transf.

In a manner borrowed from the division of the senators into majorum and minorum gentium (v. above): ipsi illi majorum gentium dii qui habentur, hinc a nobis profecti in caelum reperientur, the superior deities (the consentes), Cic. Tusc. 1, 13, 29:

Cleanthes, qui quasi majorum est gentium Stoicus,

id. Ac. 2, 41, 126.—

Poet., like genus and stirps, of a single descendant, offspring of an entire race:

vigilasne, deūm gens, Aenea?

Verg. A. 10, 228 (for which:

Dis genite,

id. ib. 9, 642):

Tirynthia gens est (i. e. Fabius),

Sil. 7, 35:

extrema viri,

the last descendant, id. 2, 185.—

In a contemptuous sense, like our tribe, brood, crew:

si illo die gens ista Clodiana, quod facere voluit, effecisset,

Cic. Sest. 38, 81; so,

Clodia,

id. Q. Fr. 2, 13, 1.—

In the widest sense = genus, the race; gens humana, the human race, Cic. Fin. 5, 23, 65; Hor. C. 1, 3, 26.—

Of beasts, etc., a race, herd, brood, swarm ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

intestino bello totae gentes consumuntur,

Col. 9, 9, 6:

quos (equos) in spem statues summittere gentis,

of the race, breed, Verg. G. 3, 73:

utque luat poenas gens haec (i. e. vulpes),

breed, race, Ov. F. 4, 711.—

In a more extended sense (as also genos), a race, nation, people (sometimes more restricted than natio and populus, and sometimes put for them; v. in the foll., and cf. Drak. Liv. 23, 42, 1;

freq. and class.): Qui gentis omnis mariaque et terras movet,

Plaut. Rud. prol. 1: cf.:

nos per gentis disparat,

id. ib. v. 10:

gradus plures sunt societatis hominum. Ut enim ab illa infinita discedatur, propior est ejusdem gentis, nationis, linguae, qua maxime homines conjunguntur: interius etiam est ejusdem esse civitatis,

Cic. Off. 1, 17, 53; cf.:

(Deus) non curat singulos homines... ne civitates quidem... ne nationes quidem et gentes,

id. N. D. 3, 39, 93:

ita nationis nomen, non gentis evaluisse paulatim,

Tac. G. 2:

Suebi, quorum non una gens...propriis adhuc nationibus nominibusque discreti,

id. ib. 38:

atrox in Thracia bellum ortum, omnibus ejus gentis nationibus in arma accensis,

Vell. 2, 98:

omnes exterae gentes ac nationes,

Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 11, 31; cf.:

per omnes gentes nationesque,

Quint. 11, 3, 87;

for which, in an inverted order: exterae nationes ac gentes,

Cic. Font. 11, 25:

aut gentes aut populos,

Quint. 11, 1, 86: inter multas regum gentiumque [p. 809] et populorum legationes, Liv. 45, 19, 1; 45, 22, 8; cf.

in an inverse order: populi et gentes,

Quint. 12, 2, 3:

postquam bello subegit Aequorum magnam gentem et ferocem,

Cic. Rep. 2, 20:

Sabina aut Volsca,

id. ib. 3, 4:

Transalpinae,

id. ib. 3, 9:

Allobrogum,

id. Cat. 4, 6, 12:

Nerviorum,

Caes. B. G. 2, 28, 1:

Germanorum,

id. ib. 6, 32 init.:

Suevorum longe maxima Germanorum omnium,

id. ib. 4, 1, 3;

so of the Etruscan nation,

Liv. 5, 1, 6;

and in a wider sense than populus: non ex iisdem semper populis exercitus scriptos, quamquam eadem semper gens bellum intulerit,

id. 6, 12, 4; 40, 15, 6; 2, 50, 2.—Also for civitas, the inhabitants of a city or town:

Caesar Gomphos pervenit, quod est oppidum primum Thessaliae venientibus ab Epiro, quae gens ultro ad Caesarem legatos miserat,

Caes. B. C. 3, 80, 1:

atqui ad hoc, de quo agitur, non quaerimus gentem, ingenia quaerimus,

Cic. Rep. 1, 37 fin.; cf.:

gladio pugnacissima gens Romani,

Quint. 9, 3, 8; Liv. 5, 48, 3:

Segni Condrusique, ex gente et numero Germanorum,

Caes. B. G. 6, 32, 1:

in illa incorrupta maxime gente Aegyptiorum,

Cic. Rep. 3, 9, 14:

nos plurimis ignotissimi gentibus,

id. ib. 1, 17, 26:

jus gentium,

id. ib. 1, 2, 2; cf.:

quod naturalis ratio inter omnes homines constituit, id... vocatur jus gentium quasi quo jure omnes gentes utuntur,

Gai. Inst. 1, 1.—

In partic.

As a partit. gen., gentium, like terrarum, for the sake of emphasis, in the world, on earth (freq. and class.):

ubicumque terrarum et gentium violatum jus civium Romanorum sit,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 55, § 143:

quod ubique gentium est,

id. Rep. 2, 4:

ubinam gentium sumus,

where in the world? id. Cat. 1, 4, 9:

ubi ubi est gentium?

Plaut. As. 2, 2, 21:

obsecro, unde haec gentium?

id. Cist. 4, 1, 16:

ubi tu's gentium,

id. Rud. 2, 5, 11:

quaerit quod nusquamst gentium,

id. Ps. 1, 4, 9:

non hercle quo hinc nunc gentium aufugiam scio,

id. Rud. 3, 5, 44:

ubivis gentium agere aetatem quam, etc.,

Ter. Hec. 3, 1, 4:

an quisquam usquam gentium est aeque miser?

id. ib. 13:

equidem te nisi nunc hodie nusquam vidi gentium,

Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 54:

fratrem nusquam invenio gentium,

Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 1:

abeat multo malo quovis gentium, Quam hic, etc.,

id. Heaut. 5, 1, 55:

res est in manibus: tu autem abes longe gentium,

Cic. Att. 6, 3, 1: nostri turannoktonoi longe gentium absunt, id. Fam. 12, 22, 2:

ah! minime gentium, non faciam,

by no means, Ter. Ad. 3, 2, 44; so,

minime gentium,

id. Eun. 4, 1, 11; id. Phorm. 5, 8, 44.—

Gentes, opp. to the Romans, foreign nations, foreigners (post-Aug. and rare):

maneat, quaeso, duretque gentibus si non amor nostri at certe odium sui,

Tac. G. 33; Auct. B. Hisp. 17 fin. —

In the eccl. fathers, gentes, like ethnos, opp. to Jews and Christians, pagan nations, heathen, gentiles, Lact. 2, 13 fin.; Vulg. Psa. 2, 1 et saep.— Hence the title of Arnobius's work, Adversus Gentes.—

Transf., a region, country (very rare):

ut Aspim aggrederetur, qui Cataoniam tenebat: quae gens jacet supra Ciliciam,

Nep. Dat. 4:

gentes viduatas esse suis cultoribus et desolatas,

Arn. 1, 4.

princeps, cĭpis, adj. and subst. comm. [primus-capio], first in time or order (syn. primus).— Lit., in gen.:

ut quisque in fugā postremus, ita periculo princeps erat,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 34, § 90:

princeps in proelium ibat, ultimus conserto proelio excedebat,

Liv. 21, 4:

princeps Horatius ibat,

first, in front, in advance, id. 1, 26 Weissenb. ad [p. 1445] loc.:

princeps fuit ad conatum exercitus comparandi,

Cic. Phil. 10, 11, 24:

Firmani principes pecuniae pollicendae fuerunt,

were the first to promise, id. ib. 7, 8, 23:

princeps in agendo,

id. Div. in Caecil. 15, 47; Caes. B. G. 7, 2:

omnium nationum exterarum princeps Sicilia se ad amicitiam populi Romani applicuit,

was the first that entered into friendship with the Roman people, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 1, § 2:

princeps et solus bellum his indixit,

Nep. Thras. 1, 5:

princeps in haec verba jurat,

Caes. B. C. 1, 76:

ut principes talem nuntium attulisse viderentur,

to be the first, id. ib. 1, 53:

qui Formiarum moenia dicitur Princeps tenuisse,

Hor. C. 3, 17, 7:

matri Qui dederit princeps oscula,

Ov. F. 2, 714:

princeps turmas inducit Asilas,

Verg. A. 11, 620:

princeps ante omnes,

first of all, id. ib. 5, 833.—Of things:

quoniam exordium princeps omnium esse debet,

Cic. Inv. 1, 7, 19:

qualitatum aliae sunt principes, aliae ex lis ortae,

original, id. Ac. 1, 7, 26:

mensis Romani anni,

Col. 11, 2, 3:

addere principi Limo particulam,

Hor. C. 1, 16, 13:

dies imperii princeps, vitae supremus,

Tac. A. 1, 9.—

The first, chief, the most eminent, distinguished, or noble (syn. primores):

longe omnium gravitate princeps Plato,

Cic. Or. 19, 62:

Eudoxus in astrologiā facile princeps,

id. Div. 2, 42, 87:

quaedam principes feminae,

certain noble ladies, Plin. 8, 32, 50, § 119:

principe loco genitus,

id. 37, 2, 11, § 40.—Prov.:

principibus placuisse viris non ultima laus est,

Hor. Ep. 1, 17, 35. —Rarely of things:

gemma princeps Sardonychus,

Juv. 13, 138.—

As subst.: princeps, cĭpis, m., the first man, first person:

princeps senatŭs,

the first senator on the censor's list, the first member of the Senate, Liv. 34, 44.—

Esp., the first, chief, principal, most distinguished person:

quales in re publicā principes essent, talis reliquos solere esse civis,

Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 12:

juventutis,

one of the noblest of the Roman knights, id. Vatin. 10, 24: trecenti conjuravimus principes juventutis Romanae, i. e. high-born or patrician youths, Liv. 2, 12, 15 (= proceres juventutis, id. 10, 28, 7); 42, 61, 5.—In the time of the emperors this was also a title of honor given to the prince, the heir to the empire, Tac. A. 1, 3:

sacerdotum,

the high-priest, Vulg. Act. 4, 6. —

A chief, head, author, originator, leader, contriver, etc.:

princeps atque architectus sceleris,

Cic. Clu. 22, 60:

Zeno eorum (Stoicorum) princeps non tam rerum inventor fuit, quam verborum novorum,

id. Fin. 3, 2, 5:

princeps Argonautarum,

i. e. Jason, id. Tusc. 4, 32, 69:

principes consilii publici, i. e. senatus,

id. Sest. 45, 97:

conjurationis,

id. Cat. 1, 11, 27:

eorum omnium hic dux est atque princeps,

id. Har. Resp. 26, 57:

regendae civitatis dux et sententiae princeps in senatu,

id. de Or. 3, 17, 63:

(pueri) aequalium principes,

first among their playfellows, id. Fin. 5, 22, 61:

gregis,

i. e. of players, Suet. Calig. 58:

principes sententiarum consulares,

who were first asked for their opinion, Liv. 8, 21:

hujus consilii principes,

Caes. B. G. 2, 14:

belli inferendi,

first in commencing hostilities, id. ib. 5, 52:

jam princeps equitum,

at the head of, Juv. 4, 32.—Of ancestors:

hinc Dardanus ortus Iasiusque pater, genus a quo principe nostrum,

Verg. A. 3, 168 (cf., in this sense, principium, Sil. 15, 748; v. principium, II. B. 2.).—

A chief, superior, director (ante- and post-class.):

principes, qui utrique rei praeponuntur,

Varr. R. R. 1, 2; Lampr. Alex. Sev. 32.—

A prince, i. e. a ruler, sovereign, emperor ( poet. and post-Aug.):

hic ames dici pater atque princeps,

Hor. C. 1, 2, 50; Ov. P. 1, 2, 123; Tac. A. 1, 1:

quae non faciet quod principis uxor,

Juv. 6, 617; 8, 224.—

In milit. lang.: princĭpes, um, m., the second line of soldiers, between the hastati and triarii, Liv. 8, 8; 22, 5; 30, 8; 37, 39; cf. Varr. L. L. 5, § 89; Veg. Mil. 1, 20; 2, 15; cf. Ov. F. 3, 129; and Becker, Antiq. 3, 2, p. 249 sq.; p. 269 sq.—Princeps also signifies,

A company or division of the principes: signum primi principis, of the first company of the principes, Liv. 26, 6, 1:

octavum principem duxit,

was centurion of the eighth maniple, Cic. ad Brut. 1, 8, 2.—

A centurion or captain of the principes: princeps prior, the first captain of the principes, Caes. B. C. 3, 64 fin.:

princeps tertiae legionis,

Liv. 25, 14; cf. id. 42, 34.—

The office of centurion of the principes, the centurionship or captaincy of the principes: mihi primus princeps prioris centuriae est adsignatus, the first captaincy of the principes, Liv. 42, 34, 8.— Comp.:

omnium priorum principum principiorem, si dici fas est,

Cassiod. Hist. Eccl. 1, 1.

Princeps, cĭpis, m., a celebrated flute-player, Phaedr. 5, 7, 4.

princeps, cĭpis, adj. and subst. comm. [primus-capio], first in time or order (syn. primus).— Lit., in gen.:

ut quisque in fugā postremus, ita periculo princeps erat,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 34, § 90:

princeps in proelium ibat, ultimus conserto proelio excedebat,

Liv. 21, 4:

princeps Horatius ibat,

first, in front, in advance, id. 1, 26 Weissenb. ad [p. 1445] loc.:

princeps fuit ad conatum exercitus comparandi,

Cic. Phil. 10, 11, 24:

Firmani principes pecuniae pollicendae fuerunt,

were the first to promise, id. ib. 7, 8, 23:

princeps in agendo,

id. Div. in Caecil. 15, 47; Caes. B. G. 7, 2:

omnium nationum exterarum princeps Sicilia se ad amicitiam populi Romani applicuit,

was the first that entered into friendship with the Roman people, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 1, § 2:

princeps et solus bellum his indixit,

Nep. Thras. 1, 5:

princeps in haec verba jurat,

Caes. B. C. 1, 76:

ut principes talem nuntium attulisse viderentur,

to be the first, id. ib. 1, 53:

qui Formiarum moenia dicitur Princeps tenuisse,

Hor. C. 3, 17, 7:

matri Qui dederit princeps oscula,

Ov. F. 2, 714:

princeps turmas inducit Asilas,

Verg. A. 11, 620:

princeps ante omnes,

first of all, id. ib. 5, 833.—Of things:

quoniam exordium princeps omnium esse debet,

Cic. Inv. 1, 7, 19:

qualitatum aliae sunt principes, aliae ex lis ortae,

original, id. Ac. 1, 7, 26:

mensis Romani anni,

Col. 11, 2, 3:

addere principi Limo particulam,

Hor. C. 1, 16, 13:

dies imperii princeps, vitae supremus,

Tac. A. 1, 9.—

The first, chief, the most eminent, distinguished, or noble (syn. primores):

longe omnium gravitate princeps Plato,

Cic. Or. 19, 62:

Eudoxus in astrologiā facile princeps,

id. Div. 2, 42, 87:

quaedam principes feminae,

certain noble ladies, Plin. 8, 32, 50, § 119:

principe loco genitus,

id. 37, 2, 11, § 40.—Prov.:

principibus placuisse viris non ultima laus est,

Hor. Ep. 1, 17, 35. —Rarely of things:

gemma princeps Sardonychus,

Juv. 13, 138.—

As subst.: princeps, cĭpis, m., the first man, first person:

princeps senatŭs,

the first senator on the censor's list, the first member of the Senate, Liv. 34, 44.—

Esp., the first, chief, principal, most distinguished person:

quales in re publicā principes essent, talis reliquos solere esse civis,

Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 12:

juventutis,

one of the noblest of the Roman knights, id. Vatin. 10, 24: trecenti conjuravimus principes juventutis Romanae, i. e. high-born or patrician youths, Liv. 2, 12, 15 (= proceres juventutis, id. 10, 28, 7); 42, 61, 5.—In the time of the emperors this was also a title of honor given to the prince, the heir to the empire, Tac. A. 1, 3:

sacerdotum,

the high-priest, Vulg. Act. 4, 6. —

A chief, head, author, originator, leader, contriver, etc.:

princeps atque architectus sceleris,

Cic. Clu. 22, 60:

Zeno eorum (Stoicorum) princeps non tam rerum inventor fuit, quam verborum novorum,

id. Fin. 3, 2, 5:

princeps Argonautarum,

i. e. Jason, id. Tusc. 4, 32, 69:

principes consilii publici, i. e. senatus,

id. Sest. 45, 97:

conjurationis,

id. Cat. 1, 11, 27:

eorum omnium hic dux est atque princeps,

id. Har. Resp. 26, 57:

regendae civitatis dux et sententiae princeps in senatu,

id. de Or. 3, 17, 63:

(pueri) aequalium principes,

first among their playfellows, id. Fin. 5, 22, 61:

gregis,

i. e. of players, Suet. Calig. 58:

principes sententiarum consulares,

who were first asked for their opinion, Liv. 8, 21:

hujus consilii principes,

Caes. B. G. 2, 14:

belli inferendi,

first in commencing hostilities, id. ib. 5, 52:

jam princeps equitum,

at the head of, Juv. 4, 32.—Of ancestors:

hinc Dardanus ortus Iasiusque pater, genus a quo principe nostrum,

Verg. A. 3, 168 (cf., in this sense, principium, Sil. 15, 748; v. principium, II. B. 2.).—

A chief, superior, director (ante- and post-class.):

principes, qui utrique rei praeponuntur,

Varr. R. R. 1, 2; Lampr. Alex. Sev. 32.—

A prince, i. e. a ruler, sovereign, emperor ( poet. and post-Aug.):

hic ames dici pater atque princeps,

Hor. C. 1, 2, 50; Ov. P. 1, 2, 123; Tac. A. 1, 1:

quae non faciet quod principis uxor,

Juv. 6, 617; 8, 224.—

In milit. lang.: princĭpes, um, m., the second line of soldiers, between the hastati and triarii, Liv. 8, 8; 22, 5; 30, 8; 37, 39; cf. Varr. L. L. 5, § 89; Veg. Mil. 1, 20; 2, 15; cf. Ov. F. 3, 129; and Becker, Antiq. 3, 2, p. 249 sq.; p. 269 sq.—Princeps also signifies,

A company or division of the principes: signum primi principis, of the first company of the principes, Liv. 26, 6, 1:

octavum principem duxit,

was centurion of the eighth maniple, Cic. ad Brut. 1, 8, 2.—

A centurion or captain of the principes: princeps prior, the first captain of the principes, Caes. B. C. 3, 64 fin.:

princeps tertiae legionis,

Liv. 25, 14; cf. id. 42, 34.—

The office of centurion of the principes, the centurionship or captaincy of the principes: mihi primus princeps prioris centuriae est adsignatus, the first captaincy of the principes, Liv. 42, 34, 8.— Comp.:

omnium priorum principum principiorem, si dici fas est,

Cassiod. Hist. Eccl. 1, 1.

Princeps, cĭpis, m., a celebrated flute-player, Phaedr. 5, 7, 4.

princeps, cĭpis, adj. and subst. comm. [primus-capio], first in time or order (syn. primus).— Lit., in gen.:

ut quisque in fugā postremus, ita periculo princeps erat,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 34, § 90:

princeps in proelium ibat, ultimus conserto proelio excedebat,

Liv. 21, 4:

princeps Horatius ibat,

first, in front, in advance, id. 1, 26 Weissenb. ad [p. 1445] loc.:

princeps fuit ad conatum exercitus comparandi,

Cic. Phil. 10, 11, 24:

Firmani principes pecuniae pollicendae fuerunt,

were the first to promise, id. ib. 7, 8, 23:

princeps in agendo,

id. Div. in Caecil. 15, 47; Caes. B. G. 7, 2:

omnium nationum exterarum princeps Sicilia se ad amicitiam populi Romani applicuit,

was the first that entered into friendship with the Roman people, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 1, § 2:

princeps et solus bellum his indixit,

Nep. Thras. 1, 5:

princeps in haec verba jurat,

Caes. B. C. 1, 76:

ut principes talem nuntium attulisse viderentur,

to be the first, id. ib. 1, 53:

qui Formiarum moenia dicitur Princeps tenuisse,

Hor. C. 3, 17, 7:

matri Qui dederit princeps oscula,

Ov. F. 2, 714:

princeps turmas inducit Asilas,

Verg. A. 11, 620:

princeps ante omnes,

first of all, id. ib. 5, 833.—Of things:

quoniam exordium princeps omnium esse debet,

Cic. Inv. 1, 7, 19:

qualitatum aliae sunt principes, aliae ex lis ortae,

original, id. Ac. 1, 7, 26:

mensis Romani anni,

Col. 11, 2, 3:

addere principi Limo particulam,

Hor. C. 1, 16, 13:

dies imperii princeps, vitae supremus,

Tac. A. 1, 9.—

The first, chief, the most eminent, distinguished, or noble (syn. primores):

longe omnium gravitate princeps Plato,

Cic. Or. 19, 62:

Eudoxus in astrologiā facile princeps,

id. Div. 2, 42, 87:

quaedam principes feminae,

certain noble ladies, Plin. 8, 32, 50, § 119:

principe loco genitus,

id. 37, 2, 11, § 40.—Prov.:

principibus placuisse viris non ultima laus est,

Hor. Ep. 1, 17, 35. —Rarely of things:

gemma princeps Sardonychus,

Juv. 13, 138.—

As subst.: princeps, cĭpis, m., the first man, first person:

princeps senatŭs,

the first senator on the censor's list, the first member of the Senate, Liv. 34, 44.—

Esp., the first, chief, principal, most distinguished person:

quales in re publicā principes essent, talis reliquos solere esse civis,

Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 12:

juventutis,

one of the noblest of the Roman knights, id. Vatin. 10, 24: trecenti conjuravimus principes juventutis Romanae, i. e. high-born or patrician youths, Liv. 2, 12, 15 (= proceres juventutis, id. 10, 28, 7); 42, 61, 5.—In the time of the emperors this was also a title of honor given to the prince, the heir to the empire, Tac. A. 1, 3:

sacerdotum,

the high-priest, Vulg. Act. 4, 6. —

A chief, head, author, originator, leader, contriver, etc.:

princeps atque architectus sceleris,

Cic. Clu. 22, 60:

Zeno eorum (Stoicorum) princeps non tam rerum inventor fuit, quam verborum novorum,

id. Fin. 3, 2, 5:

princeps Argonautarum,

i. e. Jason, id. Tusc. 4, 32, 69:

principes consilii publici, i. e. senatus,

id. Sest. 45, 97:

conjurationis,

id. Cat. 1, 11, 27:

eorum omnium hic dux est atque princeps,

id. Har. Resp. 26, 57:

regendae civitatis dux et sententiae princeps in senatu,

id. de Or. 3, 17, 63:

(pueri) aequalium principes,

first among their playfellows, id. Fin. 5, 22, 61:

gregis,

i. e. of players, Suet. Calig. 58:

principes sententiarum consulares,

who were first asked for their opinion, Liv. 8, 21:

hujus consilii principes,

Caes. B. G. 2, 14:

belli inferendi,

first in commencing hostilities, id. ib. 5, 52:

jam princeps equitum,

at the head of, Juv. 4, 32.—Of ancestors:

hinc Dardanus ortus Iasiusque pater, genus a quo principe nostrum,

Verg. A. 3, 168 (cf., in this sense, principium, Sil. 15, 748; v. principium, II. B. 2.).—

A chief, superior, director (ante- and post-class.):

principes, qui utrique rei praeponuntur,

Varr. R. R. 1, 2; Lampr. Alex. Sev. 32.—

A prince, i. e. a ruler, sovereign, emperor ( poet. and post-Aug.):

hic ames dici pater atque princeps,

Hor. C. 1, 2, 50; Ov. P. 1, 2, 123; Tac. A. 1, 1:

quae non faciet quod principis uxor,

Juv. 6, 617; 8, 224.—

In milit. lang.: princĭpes, um, m., the second line of soldiers, between the hastati and triarii, Liv. 8, 8; 22, 5; 30, 8; 37, 39; cf. Varr. L. L. 5, § 89; Veg. Mil. 1, 20; 2, 15; cf. Ov. F. 3, 129; and Becker, Antiq. 3, 2, p. 249 sq.; p. 269 sq.—Princeps also signifies,

A company or division of the principes: signum primi principis, of the first company of the principes, Liv. 26, 6, 1:

octavum principem duxit,

was centurion of the eighth maniple, Cic. ad Brut. 1, 8, 2.—

A centurion or captain of the principes: princeps prior, the first captain of the principes, Caes. B. C. 3, 64 fin.:

princeps tertiae legionis,

Liv. 25, 14; cf. id. 42, 34.—

The office of centurion of the principes, the centurionship or captaincy of the principes: mihi primus princeps prioris centuriae est adsignatus, the first captaincy of the principes, Liv. 42, 34, 8.— Comp.:

omnium priorum principum principiorem, si dici fas est,

Cassiod. Hist. Eccl. 1, 1.

Princeps, cĭpis, m., a celebrated flute-player, Phaedr. 5, 7, 4.

classĭcus, a, um, adj. [classis], of or belonging to a classis.

To a class or division of the Roman people; only transf., belonging to the first class, of the highest class: classici dicebantur non omnes qui in quinque classibus erant, sed primi tantum classis homines (opp. classem, infra), Cat. ap. Gell. 6 (7), 13, 1; cf. Paul. ex Fest. p. 113, 12:

testes classici,

id. ib. p. 56, 15.—

Trop., of the highest rank, classical, superior, standard:

classicus adsiduusque aliquis scriptor, non proletarius,

Gell. 19, 8, 15.—

Subst.: classĭcus, i, m., he that summons the classes of citizens to the Comitia: in Arce classicus oanat tum circumque moeros, Comment. ap. Varr. L. L. 6, § 92 Müll.—

To the military and naval forces (v. infra; and cf. classis, I. B.), but in use only in the sense of or belonging to the fleet:

classicos milites,

Liv. 21, 61, 2; 26, 48, 12:

bella,

naval, Prop. 2, 1, 28:

certamen,

Vell. 2, 85, 2:

corona = navalis,

id. 2, 81, 2.—Hence,

Subst.

classĭcum, i, n., a field or battle-signal upon the trumpet:

classicum cecinit,

Liv. 28, 27, 15:

classicum canere jubet,

Tac. A. 2, 32; cf.:

classicum cani jubet,

Caes. B. C. 3, 82:

classico ad contionem convocat,

Liv. 7, 36, 9:

cum silentium classico fecisset,

id. 2, 45, 12:

classica sonant,

Verg. A. 7, 637:

neque excitatur classico miles truci,

Hor. Epod. 2, 5; Suet. Caes. 32; id. Vit. 11; Quint. 2, 11, 4; Luc. 4, 186 al.—

Since only the leader commanded it to be given: classicum praetorium (al. praeconium),

Prop. 3 (4), 3, 41; cf. Caes. l. l.; Liv. 28, 27, 15; Veg. Mil. 2, 22.—

Meton., the war-trumpet:

necdum etiam audierant inflari classica,

Verg. G. 2, 539; Tib. 1, 1, 4. —

Subst.: classĭci, ōrum, m., marines, Tac. H. 1, 36; 2, 11; 2, 17; 2, 22; 2, 67; 3, 55.—Also mariners, seamen, Curt. 4, 3, 18.